Internal telemetry

You can inspect the health of any OpenTelemetry Collector instance by checking its own internal telemetry. Read on to learn about this telemetry and how to configure it to help you monitor and troubleshoot the Collector.

Activate internal telemetry in the Collector

By default, the Collector exposes its own telemetry in two ways:

• Internal metrics are exposed using a Prometheus interface which defaults to port 8888.
• Logs are emitted to stderr by default.

Configure internal metrics

You can configure how internal metrics are generated and exposed by the Collector. By default, the Collector generates basic metrics about itself and exposes them using the OpenTelemetry Go Prometheus exporter for scraping at http://127.0.0.1:8888/metrics. You can expose the endpoint to one specific or all network interfaces when needed. For containerized environments, you might want to expose this port on a public interface.

Set the Prometheus config under service::telemetry::metrics:

service:
  telemetry:
    metrics:
      readers:
        - pull:
            exporter:
              prometheus:
                host: '0.0.0.0'
                port: 8888

You can adjust the verbosity of the Collector metrics output by setting the level field to one of the following values:

• none: no telemetry is collected.
• basic: essential service telemetry.
• normal: the default level, adds standard indicators on top of basic.
• detailed: the most verbose level, includes dimensions and views.

Each verbosity level represents a threshold at which certain metrics are emitted. For the complete list of metrics, with a breakdown by level, see Lists of internal metrics.

The default level for metrics output is normal. To use another level, set service::telemetry::metrics::level:

service:
  telemetry:
    metrics:
      level: detailed

Configure internal logs

Log output is found in stderr. You can configure logs in the config service::telemetry::logs. The configuration options are:

You can also see logs for the Collector on a Linux systemd system using journalctl:

• All logs
• Errors only

journalctl | grep otelcol

journalctl | grep otelcol | grep Error

Configure internal traces

The Collector does not expose traces by default, but it can be configured to.

The following configuration can be used to emit internal traces from the Collector to an OTLP/gRPC backend:

service:
  telemetry:
    traces:
      processors:
        - batch:
            exporter:
              otlp:
                protocol: grpc/protobuf
                endpoint: https://backend:4317

See the example configuration for additional options. Note that the tracer_provider section there corresponds to traces here.

Self-monitoring

The Collector can be configured to push its own telemetry to an OTLP receiver and send the data through configured pipelines. In the following example, the Collector is configured to push metrics and traces every 10s using OTLP gRPC to localhost:14317:

receivers:
  otlp/internal:
    protocols:
      grpc:
        endpoint: localhost:14317
exporters:
  debug:
service:
  pipelines:
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp/internal]
      exporters: [debug]
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp/internal]
      exporters: [debug]
  telemetry:
    metrics:
      readers:
        - periodic:
            interval: 10000
            exporter:
              otlp:
                protocol: grpc/protobuf
                endpoint: localhost:14317
    traces:
      processors:
        batch:
          exporter:
            otlp:
              protocol: grpc/protobuf
              endpoint: localhost:14317

Types of internal telemetry

The OpenTelemetry Collector aims to be a model of observable service by clearly exposing its own operational metrics. Additionally, it collects host resource metrics that can help you understand if problems are caused by a different process on the same host. Specific components of the Collector can also emit their own custom telemetry. In this section, you will learn about the different types of observability emitted by the Collector itself.

Values observable with internal metrics

The Collector emits internal metrics for the following current values:

• Resource consumption, including CPU, memory, and I/O.
• Data reception rate, broken down by receiver.
• Data export rate, broken down by exporters.
• Data drop rate due to throttling, broken down by data type.
• Data drop rate due to invalid data received, broken down by data type.
• Throttling state, including Not Throttled, Throttled by Downstream, and Internally Saturated.
• Incoming connection count, broken down by receiver.
• Incoming connection rate showing new connections per second, broken down by receiver.
• In-memory queue size in bytes and in units.
• Persistent queue size.
• End-to-end latency from receiver input to exporter output.
• Latency broken down by pipeline elements, including exporter network roundtrip latency for request/response protocols.

Rate values are averages over 10 second periods, measured in bytes/sec or units/sec (for example, spans/sec).

The Collector also emits internal metrics for these cumulative values:

• Total received data, broken down by receivers.
• Total exported data, broken down by exporters.
• Total dropped data due to throttling, broken down by data type.
• Total dropped data due to invalid data received, broken down by data type.
• Total incoming connection count, broken down by receiver.
• Uptime since start.

Lists of internal metrics

The following tables group each internal metric by level of verbosity: basic, normal, and detailed. Each metric is identified by name and description and categorized by instrumentation type.

basic-level metrics

Additional normal-level metrics

Additional detailed-level metrics

Events observable with internal logs

The Collector logs the following internal events:

• A Collector instance starts or stops.
• Data dropping begins due to throttling for a specified reason, such as local saturation, downstream saturation, downstream unavailable, etc.
• Data dropping due to throttling stops.
• Data dropping begins due to invalid data. A sample of the invalid data is included.
• Data dropping due to invalid data stops.
• A crash is detected, differentiated from a clean stop. Crash data is included if available.

Telemetry maturity levels

Traces

Tracing instrumentation is still under active development, and changes might be made to span names, attached attributes, instrumented endpoints, or other aspects of the telemetry. Until this feature graduates to stable, there are no guarantees of backwards compatibility for tracing instrumentation.

Metrics

The Collector’s metrics follow a four-stage lifecycle:

Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Deleted metric

Alpha

Alpha metrics have no stability guarantees. These metrics can be modified or deleted at any time.

Stable

Stable metrics are guaranteed to not change. This means:

• A stable metric without a deprecated signature will not be deleted or renamed.
• A stable metric’s type and attributes will not be modified.

Deprecated

Deprecated metrics are slated for deletion but are still available for use. The description of these metrics include an annotation about the version in which they became deprecated. For example:

Before deprecation:

# HELP otelcol_exporter_queue_size this counts things
# TYPE otelcol_exporter_queue_size counter
otelcol_exporter_queue_size 0

After deprecation:

# HELP otelcol_exporter_queue_size (Deprecated since 1.15.0) this counts things
# TYPE otelcol_exporter_queue_size counter
otelcol_exporter_queue_size 0

Deleted

Deleted metrics are no longer published and cannot be used.

Logs

Individual log entries and their formatting might change from one release to the next. There are no stability guarantees at this time.

Use internal telemetry to monitor the Collector

This section recommends best practices for monitoring the Collector using its own telemetry.

Critical monitoring

Data loss

Use the rate of otelcol_processor_dropped_log_records > 0, otelcol_processor_dropped_spans > 0, and otelcol_processor_dropped_metric_points > 0 to detect data loss. Depending on your project’s requirements, select a narrow time window before alerting begins to avoid notifications for small losses that are within the desired reliability range and not considered outages.

Secondary monitoring

Queue length

Most exporters provide a queue and/or retry mechanism that is recommended for use in any production deployment of the Collector.

The otelcol_exporter_queue_capacity metric indicates the capacity, in batches, of the sending queue. The otelcol_exporter_queue_size metric indicates the current size of the sending queue. Use these two metrics to check if the queue capacity can support your workload.

Using the following three metrics, you can identify the number of spans, metric points, and log records that failed to reach the sending queue:

• otelcol_exporter_enqueue_failed_spans
• otelcol_exporter_enqueue_failed_metric_points
• otelcol_exporter_enqueue_failed_log_records

These failures could be caused by a queue filled with unsettled elements. You might need to decrease your sending rate or horizontally scale Collectors.

The queue or retry mechanism also supports logging for monitoring. Check the logs for messages such as Dropping data because sending_queue is full.

Receive failures

Sustained rates of otelcol_receiver_refused_log_records, otelcol_receiver_refused_spans, and otelcol_receiver_refused_metric_points indicate that too many errors were returned to clients. Depending on the deployment and the clients’ resilience, this might indicate clients’ data loss.

Sustained rates of otelcol_exporter_send_failed_log_records, otelcol_exporter_send_failed_spans, and otelcol_exporter_send_failed_metric_points indicate that the Collector is not able to export data as expected. These metrics do not inherently imply data loss since there could be retries. But a high rate of failures could indicate issues with the network or backend receiving the data.

Data flow

You can monitor data ingress with the otelcol_receiver_accepted_log_records, otelcol_receiver_accepted_spans, and otelcol_receiver_accepted_metric_points metrics and data egress with the otelcol_exporter_sent_log_records, otelcol_exporter_sent_spans, and otelcol_exporter_sent_metric_points metrics.